The story of some shallow lakes Nutrient induced changes Yeluwemeer Alderfen Broad Storm effects Lake Apopka Lake Ellesmere Water level changes Tamnaren Rice Lake Fish stock management Zwemlust Linford Lakes Miscellaneous cases Lakes TSkem and Krankesjon Lagoon of the Islands Lake Christina Tomahawk Lagoon The abiotic environment Light under water Absorption and scattering Light attenuation with depth Secchi-depth Nephelometric turbidity Euphotic depth Finding the causes of turbidity Pragmatic Solutions to estimate light attenuation Sedimentation and resuspension The balance of resuspension and sedimentation When and where wave resuspension occurs Wave resuspension in relation to lake size and depth Lake specific empirical models Sediment resuspension by fish The effect of vegetation on sedimentation and resuspension Nutrient dynamics The availability of phosphorus Sediment as a phosphorus buffer The mechanisms that govem sediment phosphorus release Nitrogen dynamics Carbon as a limiting nutrient The effect of algae and macrophytes on nutrient dynamics The effect of animals on nutrient dynamics Phytoplankton The regulation of algal biomass Empirical relationships between chlorophyll and nutrients The logistic eąuation as a model of algal growth Losses due to sinking and flushing Lake depth and light limitation The combined effects of nutrients and light Phytoplankton control by grazers Allelopathic effects Competition between algae and cyanobacteria Empirical relationships with nutrients and turbidity Hysteresis as an implication Competition as an explanation Other mechanisms involved Multi-species competition and succession Causes of non-equilibrium dynamics Reasons to expect chaotic dynamics Trophic cascades Top-down control of phytoplankton Grazing by mussels The special position of Daphnia A minimal plankton model The paradox of enrichment Stabilizing mechanisms Implications of spatial heterogeneity The effect of planktivorous fish Field observations and experimental results The classical consumption catastrophe A minimal model of planktivory Hysteresis in the response to fish Implications of oscillations An inventory of theoretical possibilities Seasonal dynamics of plankton and fish The spring clear-water phase Other seasonal scenarios Pattems across many lakes The seasonal cycle of planktivory Modelling seasonality of plankton Implications of seasons for eąuilibria and cycles Behaviour of the seasonal plankton model But many more mechanisms operate in the field The benthic connection Importance of benthos in shallow lake food webs Competition for benthic food Top-down control of snails and periphyton Piscivores Impact on fish abundance and size How far down does the cascade go? Cannibalism and competition General pattems Body-size as a key factor Predation avoidance: costs and conseąuences Shifts in food-web structure with enrichment Yegetation Implications of vegetation for the animal community Invertebrates Zooplankton Fish Birds Effect of vegetation on turbidity Correlations and causality Seasonal dynamics Case studies revealing mechanisms Are there generał pattems? Brackish lakes as an exception The regulation of yegetation abundance Turbidity and water depth Periphyton Temperaturę Substrate and nutrients Wave action Birds Fish Vegetation and phytoplankton dominance as altemative eąuilibria Stabilizing mechanisms A simple graphical model The vegetation-turbidity interaction elaborated Hysteresis as an implication A minimal mathematical model Predictions from a mechanistic vegetation model Implications of seasonality Other mechanisms influencing the hysteresis Hallmarks of hysteresis A review of evidence from the field Managing the ecosystem Implications of altemative stable States Stability properties Eutrophication and restoration Connected and heterogeneous lakes Nutrient management How nutrient loading affects the system Different approaches to reduce nutrients Biomanipulation Biomanipulation as a shock therapy Reąuirements for success Hydrological adjustments Water level manipulation Draw-down Flushing Other measures Barley-straw Dredging Enclosures and artificial refuges Handling vegetation nuisance Selecting restoration measures The limits of knowledge Problems of predictive mechanistic models The necessity of mechanistic insight Prospect